I did a fresh reinstall and used the "connect via USB and hit the button after 10 seconds" method and now see no issues. Not sure what the issue was before, but this stuff is too advanced for me to solve.
Thank you, this was exactly the problem. I forgot everything must be on FAT32 to work on the Pi. I used the Disk utility on my Mac to format and now everything works fine.
Thank you very much. It took some hours to figure it out the "hard" way. First messed a little bit around in Ubuntu just to see that i don't have write permission on the folders. Afterwards installed some programs on my pc until i finally solved it with winscp. Oh god could've been so easy. ๐