Thanks for the tip, @acris!
But since the MakeCode Arcade games use raw GPIO inputs or EV_KEY scan codes for controls, the game launcher handles gamepad detection and setup itself, via uinput-mapper and independently of Recalbox/EmulationStation.
I was positively surprised that almost everything, even the Python parts, worked out of the box on the buildroot system underlying Recalbox. Only had to remove 4 sudo
commands from the source code.
However, there are, as mentioned, still some small details remaining before I can announce a viable solution for MakeCode Arcade on Recalbox, like automated installation and some work-arounds for the overlay mounted file system.